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✔ Arsenic, vanadium, and nickel in the feed cause poisoning.✔ Water or oxygen exposure deactivates the catalyst.

Catalyst fouling, carbon deposition (coking), and particulate contamination from feedstock. The solution is to perform catalyst regeneration or replacement and ensure proper filtration of the feed.

Low hydrogen purity can lead to coking, catalyst deactivation, and incomplete desulfurization. To fix this, operators check H₂ supply pressure, recycle gas compressor efficiency, and remove contaminants.

🔹 Causes of catalyst deactivation:✔ Coking – Formation of carbon deposits.✔ Metals Deposition – Vanadium & nickel accumulation.✔