✔ Arsenic, vanadium, and nickel in the feed cause poisoning.✔ Water or oxygen exposure deactivates the catalyst.

✔ Hydrogen breaks S-C bonds, converting sulfur compounds into H₂S.✔ Prevents coke formation by saturating olefins.

🔹 Causes of catalyst deactivation:✔ Coking – Formation of carbon deposits.✔ Metals Deposition – Vanadium & nickel accumulation.✔

✔ Cobalt-Molybdenum (Co-Mo) on Alumina – Used for low-sulfur feeds.✔ Nickel-Molybdenum (Ni-Mo) on Alumina – More active, used for high-sulfur feeds.

🔹 Reactor temperature is controlled by:✔ Preheater adjustments – Regulates feed temperature.✔ Quench Hydrogen Injection – Reduces excessive heat in exothermic reactions.✔ Reactor Bed Temperature ...

🔹 The stripper column removes:✔ H₂S & NH₃ – Prevents poisoning of downstream catalysts.✔ Light hydrocarbons – Improves product stability

🔹 The hydrogen recycle system:✔ Reuses excess hydrogen gas after separating it from reaction products.✔ Uses a recycle gas compressor to send hydrogen back to the reactor.

✔ Heat Exchangers – Used for feed preheating.✔ Hydrotreater Reactor – Contains catalyst for desulfurization.✔ Hot Separator & Cold Separator – Separate gases from liquids.✔ ...

Step-by-step process flow:1️⃣ Feed Preheating – Raw naphtha is heated using heat exchangers.2️⃣ Mixing with Hydrogen – Hydrogen is added to the feed.3️⃣

🔹 The operating conditions vary based on feed composition, but generally:✔ Temperature: 280–400°C (536–752°F)✔ Pressure: 30–60 bar (450–900 ...