Sour Crude refers to crude oil that contains a relatively high amount of sulfur (usually more than 0.5% by weight). This sulfur content makes it “sour,” as opposed to “sweet” crude, which has lower sulfur content. The sulfur compounds present ...
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✔ Arsenic, vanadium, and nickel in the feed cause poisoning.✔ Water or oxygen exposure deactivates the catalyst.
Low hydrogen purity can lead to coking, catalyst deactivation, and incomplete desulfurization. To fix this, operators check H₂ supply pressure, recycle gas compressor efficiency, and remove contaminants.
🔹 How to Ensure All Instruments Are OK Before Unit Startup? Before starting up any unit in oil & gas, power plants, or industrial facilities, it is critical to verify that all instruments are functioning properly to ensure safety, efficiency, and ...
Follow Emergency Shutdown Procedures (ESD): 1️⃣ Stop the feed pump. 2️⃣ Close reactor inlet valves. 3️⃣ Maintain nitrogen purging. 4️⃣ Monitor hydrogen venting to prevent pressure buildup.
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The FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) unit is one of the most important and widely used processes in petroleum refineries. It is used to convert heavy, high-boiling-point hydrocarbons from crude oil into lighter, more valuable products such as gasoline, diesel, propane, ...
Step-by-step process flow:1️⃣ Feed Preheating – Raw naphtha is heated using heat exchangers.2️⃣ Mixing with Hydrogen – Hydrogen is added to the feed.3️⃣
